Education:

 - 1992: First Degree in Economics (five years), Higher Institute of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon. Average mark: 17 – Magna cum laude. Note: in the Portuguese Higher Education system marks are awarded on a scale of 0 to 20.

- 1994: M.Phil. in Economics, Faculty of Economics and Politics, University of Cambridge,  UK.

- 1996: Master of Science in Monetary and Financial Economics, Higher Institute of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon. Final mark: Very Good. Dissertation: “Prices in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly”.

- 1998: Ph.D. in Economics, Higher Institute of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon. Dissertation: “Macroeconomics and Business Cycles – a Comparison Between the Theories of Equilibrium and Disequilibrium”.